Grand Rounds
1.Type 1 Diabetes
Symptoms:
-increased thirst
-frequent urination
-unintended weight loss
-extreme hunger
-fatigue
-blurred vision
-parent or sibling with type 1 diabetes has a slightly increased risk of developing the condition
Reasoning: Type 1 diabetes is characterized by abnormally high blood pressure. This is a disease that the patient is born with, and can be genetic. With this disease, beta cells in the pancreas stop making insulin, which controls how much glucose is passed from the blood to the cells. Lack of insulin results in the inability to use glucose for energy or to control the amount of sugar in the blood. A lack of glucose in cells prompts the liver to try to compensate by releasing more glucose into the blood, and blood sugar can become extremely high. The cells, unable to use the glucose in the blood for energy, respond by using fats instead. This causes weight loss, fatigue, frequent urination, and other symptoms listed above. Our patient described all of these symptoms, so we knew that this was their disease.
2. Type 2 Diabetes
Symptoms:
-frequent urination
-unusual fatigue
-blurred vision
-weight loss without dieting
-tingling or numbness in hands/feet
-if a family member has type 2, it’s an increased risk
Reasoning: Like type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes is characterized by high blood pressure. The body stops making insulin, and cannot control how much glucose is transferring from the blood to the cells. Unlike type 1, however, type 2 diabetes is not always genetic. It can be caused by obesity and sedentary lifestyle. From consuming too much sugar, and overworking the beta cells, the insulin becomes too overworked and stops producing. This causes high blood pressure, as well as fatigue, weight loss, blurred vision, frequent urination, and other symptoms listed above.
3. Cushing Syndrome
Symptoms:
-fatty hump between the shoulders
-a rounded face
-pink or purple stretch marks
-excess sweating, hairiness, hunger, fatigue, flushing, high blood pressure, or osteoporosis, acne, darkening of the skin, muscle weakness or loss of muscle, anxiety, depression, easy bruising, hair loss, headache, infertility, insomnia, irritability, pot belly, swelling in extremities, or weight gain
Reasoning:
Cushing's syndrome is a hormonal disorder caused by prolonged exposure of the body's tissues to high levels of cortisol. It is relatively rare and usually affects adults aged 20 to 50. People who are obese and have type 2 diabetes, with poorly controlled blood sugar and high blood pressure, have an increased risk of developing the disorder. Some of the symptoms of this disease are a rounded face, fatty hump between shoulders, stretch marks, and many other symptoms listed above.
4. Grave’s Disease (ours)
5. Hypoparathyroidism
Symptoms:
-tingling in fingertips, toes, and lips
-twitching muscles and muscle aches in legs, feet, abdomen or face
-fatigue or weakness
-painful menstruation
-hair loss
-dry skin
-headaches
-memory loss
Reasoning: Hypoparathyroidism occurs when your parathyroid glands do not release enough of the parathyroid hormone. You have four parathyroid glands, each are about the size of a grain of rice. The parathyroid is situated in your neck, next to your thyroid gland.The low production of PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) leads to abnormally low calcium levels (hypocalcemia) in your blood and bones and to increased levels of serum phosphorus (hyperphosphatemia).
6. Acromegaly
Symptoms:
-enlarged hands and feet
-coarse, oily skin
-excess sweating
-fatigue
-impaired vision
Reasoning: The most obvious sign of Acromegaly is enlarged hands and feet, a protruding lower jaw and brow, an enlarged nose, thickened lips, and wider spacing between your teeth. People often find out they have this disorder when they begin to notice that they can no longer put on rings that used to fit and that their shoe size has progressively increased. Acromegaly progresses slowly and is often not discovered for several years,
7. Turner Syndrome
Symptoms:
-high blood pressure or osteoporosis
-abnormalities in development of reproductive organs
-delayed puberty
-short stature
-underdeveloped jaw
- heart defects
-certain learning disabilities
-not hereditary
Reasoning:
Turner syndrome occurs in fetal development, and all of our patients said that they had seen symptoms for a long time. People with Turner syndrome usually have high blood pressure or osteoporosis. Many also have congenital heart defect or narrowing of the aorta. Our patient described all of these syndromes, so we realized that he must have Turner’s Syndrome.
Symptoms:
-increased thirst
-frequent urination
-unintended weight loss
-extreme hunger
-fatigue
-blurred vision
-parent or sibling with type 1 diabetes has a slightly increased risk of developing the condition
Reasoning: Type 1 diabetes is characterized by abnormally high blood pressure. This is a disease that the patient is born with, and can be genetic. With this disease, beta cells in the pancreas stop making insulin, which controls how much glucose is passed from the blood to the cells. Lack of insulin results in the inability to use glucose for energy or to control the amount of sugar in the blood. A lack of glucose in cells prompts the liver to try to compensate by releasing more glucose into the blood, and blood sugar can become extremely high. The cells, unable to use the glucose in the blood for energy, respond by using fats instead. This causes weight loss, fatigue, frequent urination, and other symptoms listed above. Our patient described all of these symptoms, so we knew that this was their disease.
2. Type 2 Diabetes
Symptoms:
-frequent urination
-unusual fatigue
-blurred vision
-weight loss without dieting
-tingling or numbness in hands/feet
-if a family member has type 2, it’s an increased risk
Reasoning: Like type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes is characterized by high blood pressure. The body stops making insulin, and cannot control how much glucose is transferring from the blood to the cells. Unlike type 1, however, type 2 diabetes is not always genetic. It can be caused by obesity and sedentary lifestyle. From consuming too much sugar, and overworking the beta cells, the insulin becomes too overworked and stops producing. This causes high blood pressure, as well as fatigue, weight loss, blurred vision, frequent urination, and other symptoms listed above.
3. Cushing Syndrome
Symptoms:
-fatty hump between the shoulders
-a rounded face
-pink or purple stretch marks
-excess sweating, hairiness, hunger, fatigue, flushing, high blood pressure, or osteoporosis, acne, darkening of the skin, muscle weakness or loss of muscle, anxiety, depression, easy bruising, hair loss, headache, infertility, insomnia, irritability, pot belly, swelling in extremities, or weight gain
Reasoning:
Cushing's syndrome is a hormonal disorder caused by prolonged exposure of the body's tissues to high levels of cortisol. It is relatively rare and usually affects adults aged 20 to 50. People who are obese and have type 2 diabetes, with poorly controlled blood sugar and high blood pressure, have an increased risk of developing the disorder. Some of the symptoms of this disease are a rounded face, fatty hump between shoulders, stretch marks, and many other symptoms listed above.
4. Grave’s Disease (ours)
5. Hypoparathyroidism
Symptoms:
-tingling in fingertips, toes, and lips
-twitching muscles and muscle aches in legs, feet, abdomen or face
-fatigue or weakness
-painful menstruation
-hair loss
-dry skin
-headaches
-memory loss
Reasoning: Hypoparathyroidism occurs when your parathyroid glands do not release enough of the parathyroid hormone. You have four parathyroid glands, each are about the size of a grain of rice. The parathyroid is situated in your neck, next to your thyroid gland.The low production of PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) leads to abnormally low calcium levels (hypocalcemia) in your blood and bones and to increased levels of serum phosphorus (hyperphosphatemia).
6. Acromegaly
Symptoms:
-enlarged hands and feet
-coarse, oily skin
-excess sweating
-fatigue
-impaired vision
Reasoning: The most obvious sign of Acromegaly is enlarged hands and feet, a protruding lower jaw and brow, an enlarged nose, thickened lips, and wider spacing between your teeth. People often find out they have this disorder when they begin to notice that they can no longer put on rings that used to fit and that their shoe size has progressively increased. Acromegaly progresses slowly and is often not discovered for several years,
7. Turner Syndrome
Symptoms:
-high blood pressure or osteoporosis
-abnormalities in development of reproductive organs
-delayed puberty
-short stature
-underdeveloped jaw
- heart defects
-certain learning disabilities
-not hereditary
Reasoning:
Turner syndrome occurs in fetal development, and all of our patients said that they had seen symptoms for a long time. People with Turner syndrome usually have high blood pressure or osteoporosis. Many also have congenital heart defect or narrowing of the aorta. Our patient described all of these syndromes, so we realized that he must have Turner’s Syndrome.